Disorders are divided into
three areas
·
Language disorders .
·
Speech disorders .
·
Diseases of the voice .
First - Language diseases:
1. Language delay diseases due
to the following reasons: -
Among the requirements for
knowledge of language acquisition, which are (the integrity of the sensory
channels - the health of the brain and the environment - the stimulating
environment). The types of language delay diseases are classified as follows: -
·
Impairment of hearing, cochlear implants, or visual impairment
• Mental retardation, cerebral
palsy, hypermobility, Down Syndrome ,
·
Autism or its traits
• Environmental deprivation, TV
child
·
Delayed vocal development
·
Delayed language development of no known cause
2-Deterioration of
consciousness: It is the deterioration of language after its acquisition, and
it is the result of a brain injury in the left part of the brain.
3. Learning difficulties: They
are of two types:-
• Learning difficulties with a
linguistic background, as a result of shortcomings in (attention, cognition,
memory, thinking).
• Academic achievement
difficulties (reading - writing - arithmetic) caused by deficiencies in
previous developmental skills.
Second - Speech and language
pathology
(stuttering - aphasia - bites -
nasal voice disorder)
Note:
(The difference between brain
injury, blindness and aphasia)
• If the injury is before the
brain is fully developed, it is called a brain injury (paralysis).
• If the injury after the
completion of brain development in the left part is called (unconsciousness).
• If the injury is in the brain
after its completion in the right part, it is called (verbal aphasia).
Third - diseases of the voice
Voice disorders
It is either:
A - Membership (and membership
is either “congenital or acquired”),
B - functional.
First - organic disorders:
• Congenital causes: including ((lingering disease of the larynx -
epiglottis - groove of the vocal folds - congenital laryngeal cyst "what
is known as cat voice syndrome")).
• Acquired causes: including ((a cut wound in the throat as a result
of a strong blow or collision to the neck - infections of the larynx, whether
acute or chronic - sensitivity of the larynx - tumors in the throat, whether
they are benign or malignant - thyroid or parathyroid disorders - pituitary
gland disorders) ) .
Second: functional disorders:
The first disorder - hoarseness of the voice: It is a change in the
nature of the voice from the usual voice.
The hoarseness of the voice occurs when the patient’s voice is
“faint” and may be accompanied by difficulty breathing, or the voice may be
“spasmodic” and thick, and may be accompanied by pauses during speech as a
result of the unusual effort while speaking.
Among its reasons are the following:-
• Wrong use of the voice by making it louder for long periods of
time, or making the sound when forced.
• Smoking and drinking kohl.
• Neglect in treating throat infections caused by colds, chest
allergies, esophageal reflux disease, and others.
Pathological defects associated with hoarseness of the voice such as
((Voice granules - vocal fold polyps resulting from infections surrounding the
vocal folds - the presence of cysts on the folds as a result of the
accumulation of secretions of the mucous glands or as a result of an adenoma))
The second disorder - vocal aphasia, or hysterical aphasia
This is due to a psychological factor resulting from a nervous shock
that affects the vocal folds to produce the voice, and it is often in women,
where the patient loses his voice completely for a certain period as a result
of severe psychological pressure, but there is no effect on the functions of
the larynx, including coughing. We help the cough to come out.” A cough and a
throat are nothing but sound through the vocal folds.
Disorder III - incomplete sound spurt:
It is the incompleteness of
the natural voice frequency and its gradation in development, when the tone and
frequency of the individual’s voice is fixed at a certain age growth stage and
does not gradually develop according to the developmental development of the
successive stages of growth, and the voice is abnormal and unexpected by the
individual and his example (a young man at the age of eighteen, when he speaks,
you find that you You hear a child at the age of seven or ten years) and the
incomplete voice spurt disorder is often in adolescence and beyond.
Fourth Disorder - Vocal Asthenia or Vocal Exhaustion:
It is a vocal impairment
resulting from unpositive and unhealthy functional factors, and its symptoms
are as follows:
((Dry throat and may be accompanied by pain - a desire to make a
throat and expel phlegm - a false sense of the presence of a foreign body in
the throat area - the inability to continue speaking after a short period of
time due to the exhaustion of the vocal folds)).
(Mainlines for case study design in the field of
speech pathology)
To assess the case, the specialist must complete the interview and
diagnosis form data, and it is prepared in the light of the following :
( Personal data )
Case name - date of birth - address - telephone - father's job -
mother's job - is there a kinship relationship - mother's age - number of
siblings - is there a similar case in the family.
(health data)
Pregnancy Duration: As the incidence of speech problems is high if
the gestation period is less than 7 months, or in the middle of the eighth
month, when it is necessary to find the child in the nursery,
The type of childbirth, taking into account the question: did the
mother have problems, psychological pressures, or bleeding before birth, or did
the newborn have a problem during childbirth, as the doctor’s use of
ventilators or ventilators during childbirth and this may cause a high rate of
speech diseases or a fall on the ground, which may expose him to injury The
brain, or health problems or injury to the child after birth, such as high
temperature, etc., (Has the mother been exposed to radiation - did the mother
take drugs - did the mother have an accident or disease - was the child exposed
to a lack of oxygen - or listen to the complaint according to the mother )
(Child's growth and development history)
The beginning of the appearance of the teeth - crawling - walking -
has the child been exposed to hearing problems at a certain stage - has the
child been shown to an otolaryngologist or a psychiatrist and neurologist when
a problem appears.
(Child physical examination)
Are there deformities in the jaw, a problem in the roof of the
palate, the presence of a tongue link, injuries in the larynx, or a breathing
problem)
(pathological behaviour)
Is there excessive activity - tension and anxiety - shyness -
violence - fear - stubbornness - involuntary urination - biting - insults
(receptive language)
Knowing implicit groups such as:
Parts of the body - parents - animals - fruits - vegetables - tableware
- alphabets - transportation - household appliances - setup - home furniture -
colors
(Linguistic history - expressive language)
The appearance of the first word - what is the number of uttered
words - the beginning of the sentences - the number of words in the sentence,
to measure this on the chronological and developmental history of the child.
(inner language)
The permanence of the thing (is for the child to know the permanence
of the thing despite its absence in the vicinity of his sight) - reflexivity
(is imitation and simulation) - causation (is for the child to know the result
of the appearance of the thing due to a specific act or the result of the
disappearance of the thing due to a specific act - the stability of the thing
(is Stability of the image of the thing in the mind despite changing some of
its characteristics, for example, “that the child recognizes the chair, whether
the size of the chair is small or large, or it takes a different shape from the
usual)
(general health condition)
The general health status is defined by the measure of intelligence
and mental ability, which shows aspects of mental weakness, if any, and by
knowing the linguistic age of the child who shows aspects of language weakness
and academic weakness, then the initial diagnosis, and the treatment plan.
- prepared by : Abdel Halim Al Zoghbi Mohamed
00201212745143
تعليقات
إرسال تعليق